![]() ![]() Simpson, owner of the Houston data company Circles X and a former trading director at Enron. When gas prices then climbed to hundreds times normal levels, the complaint alleges, a number of companies informed clients with whom they had contracts to sell gas at a fixed price that they could not make delivery, allowing them to sell their gas into spot markets and reap billions of dollars in profits. In a lawsuit filed in Harris County District Court last month, CirclesX Recovery, which represents thousands of Texas energy customers, claims firms including Energy Transfer, Kinder Morgan, BP, Conoco Phillips and CenterPoint Energy engaged in an Enron-style scheme to cut off gas production or divert supplies into storage days ahead of freezing temperatures that would eventually cripple the Texas power grid. Energy Transfer posted its highest quarterly net income on record, more than three times its previous best quarter.A former Enron trader is suing some of the nation’s largest energy and financial firms, claiming they diverted natural gas supplies and cut off production in a scheme to artificially drive up prices ahead of the 2021 winter storm that left about 200 dead and millions of Texans without power. What Abbott didn't mention was the massive windfall key industry players made during the freeze. Even though gas failed in its role as a reliable backup fuel during the freeze, Abbott pushed regulators in a letter to strengthen incentives for fossil fuel and nuclear generators while increasing "reliability costs" for intermittent renewable power sources. ![]() This week, Governor Greg Abbott appeared to double down on his early assessment that wind and solar were prime culprits of the freeze. Texas lawmakers have set aside $10 billion to help natural gas utilities cover their natural gas costs from the storm through low-interest, state-backed bonds.Ī special legislative session convened Thursday but the agenda did not include any measures to fix the power grid. Millions of Texans are now faced with the prospect of paying higher gas prices for years as utilities seek to spread the cost over a decade or more. The BNEF estimate is based on spot prices at major hubs assessed by S&P Global Platts rather than private contracts, so is likely an upper limit of the total cost. A further $3 billion was spent by utilities providing gas for cooking, heating and fireplaces. The cost of gas for power generation alone was about $8.1 billion, or 75 times normal levels. Soon customers will be saddled with the bill.Īnd it's a big one: The total comes to about $11.1 billion for a storm that lasted for just five days, according to estimates by BloombergNEF analysts Jade Patterson and Nakul Nair. Power producers were forced to pay top dollar in the spot market for whatever gas they could find. ![]() As the flow of gas cratered, everyone scrambled to secure enough supply, sparking one of the wildest price surges in history. From a report: Interviews with energy executives and an analysis of public records by Bloomberg News show that natural gas producers in the Permian shale basin began to drastically reduce output days before power companies cut them off. It's now becoming clear that while millions of Texans endured days of power cuts, the state's gas producers contributed to fuel shortages, allowing pipelines and traders to profit handsomely off them. The official autopsy of the great Texas winter blackout of February 2021 quickly established a clear timeline of events: Electric utilities cut off power to customers and distributors as well as natural gas producers, which in turn triggered a negative feedback loop that sunk the state deeper and deeper into frigid darkness. ![]()
0 Comments
![]() ![]() While most catering establishments make one huge punch-bowl of mulled wine that is kept warm, managing director Christian Malnig explains that at Kipferl, every cup is freshly made: a fruity red wine is heated with a little hot water and infused with organic mulling spice from bio-producer ![]() Here in London, you can head to Café Kipferl in Camden Passage. It’s called ‘Glow ’and is available now.Īt Café Ufer in Hamburg-Eimsbüttel both red and white Glühwein will be served during Advent. Weingut Altenkirch, a well-known and respected Riesling producer in the Rheingau, looked across the border and has bottled a Riesling/Traminer blend, infused with star anise, cardamom, orange, cinnamon and bay. While across Germany, Glühwein is mostly made from red wine, the Austrians are quite partial to Weisser Glühwein, made from white wine and with slightly more emphasis on orange peel, often helped along with a little orange liqueur. Look out for them and read the back label to check for any undue ingredients – you can expect to pay about EUR 5.00 for a bottle. The overwhelmingly poor quality of cheapo-Glühwein, often with excruciatingly kitsch labels, has now spawned a wave of superior, ready-bottled Glühweins, often from good co-ops. Indeed, in some cases consumers are lucky to find real mulling spices in their hot toddy at all: unsurprisingly, poor wine quality is hidden behind large amounts of sugar and artificial flavourings. Adding sugar and fruit-juices to wine is almost like an invitation to use the most abominable plonk as a basis. Such concoctions, however, have drawn criticism: with alcohol levels between 8%and 11% one wonders what else is in there apart from wine – and where the wine is from in the first place. Aldi sells a litre-bottle or tetra-pak of ready-made Glühwein for as little as EUR 1.29 and products like these are often sold at hugemargins at Christmas markets. In 2010 Germans bought 91 million bottles of ready-made Glühwein in the shops – that makes 68.25 million litres of the stuff: all the Glühwein guzzled on all of Germany’s countless ChristmasMarkets, office parties and seasonal concerts is not even included in this figure. Very basic Glühwein is big business – both at Christmas markets and in retail. That’s how it should be: it simply is in the DNA of Germans to crave Glühwein – a visit to the Weihnachtsmarkt wouldn’t be complete without it and it has been the making of many a great Christmas party. ![]() Make a small batch for yourself and curl up with a mug on the couch under an electric blanket (because duh), or whip up a batch for a group of friends to fuel the animosity as you play board games like Cards Against Humanity.There is nothing that spells Advent more than steaming cups of Glühwein – or mulled wine: the heady scent of cinnamon, clove and citrus intensified by their infusion in gently heated red wine. People were very skeptical at first - warm wine?! But it was a big hit and a great cozy drink for a winter party. I whipped up a big batch for a holiday party we had at our place in a big pot and all that was left at the end of it was remnants of cinnamon sticks and star anise. And once we got home, I was dying to replicate the recipe myself. The traditional version is the red vin brulè, but I was most intrigued (and drank the most of) the white version, which they served with amaretto and apple. Italians love their wine, and they don't make exceptions for their mulled wine. But I had never had warm wine until we started going to the Christmas markets in Italy, where everyone is sipping on mulled wine - they call it glühwein in Germany, or vin brulè in Italy. Cheap or inexpensive (sorry, I won't shell out an arm and a leg for wine). ![]() ![]() ![]() Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Map_Projection: Map_Projection_Name:NAD 1983 HARN StatePlane Washington South FIPS 4602 Feet Lambert_Conformal_Conic:NAD 1983 HARN StatePlane Washington South FIPS 4602 Feet Standard_Parallel:45.83333333333334 Standard_Parallel:47.33333333333334 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian:-120.5 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin:45.33333333333334 False_Easting:1640416.666666667 False_Northing:0.0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method:coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution:0.0001 Ordinate_Resolution:0.0001 Planar_Distance_Units:Foot_US Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name:D North American 1983 HARN Ellipsoid_Name:GRS 1980 Semi-major_Axis:6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio:298.257222101 Back to TopĮntity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label:Voting_Centers_and_Ballot_Sites_2023 Attribute: Attribute_Label:OBJECTID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method:Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type:Entity point Point_and_Vector_Object_Count:0 Back to Top Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Ending_Date: Currentness_Reference: See Range_of_Date/Times Status: Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency:As needed Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate:-122.771155 East_Bounding_Coordinate:-122.018219 North_Bounding_Coordinate:47.397704 South_Bounding_Coordinate:46.748712 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus:None Theme_Keyword:Elections Theme_Keyword:ballot drop-off Theme_Keyword:voting centers Theme_Keyword:Pierce County Access_Constraints:None Use_Constraints: All users of this data should read the complete metadata and the Pierce County GIS Data Terms of Use document at Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Pierce County Auditor's Office Contact_Address: Address_Type: unknown Address: 2501 S 35th St, Suite C City: Tacoma State_or_Province: WA Postal_Code: 98409 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 25 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Data_Set_Credit: Pierce County Auditor's Office Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview Version 10.0 (Build 17763) Esri ArcGIS 12.9 Back to Top Purpose: This theme is used by the Pierce County Auditor's Office to display the locations of ballot drop-off boxes and voting centers in Pierce County. Ballot drop-off boxes and voting centers may be subject to relocation during the time between elections. ![]() All voting centers are open during a general election. Not all voting centers are open for some elections, depending on the jurisdictions holding an election. Voting centers are only open on select days during an election cycle. All boxes are open during a general election. Not all boxes are open for some elections, depending on the jurisdictions holding an election. Ballot drop-off boxes are only open during an election cycle and are closed at 8:00 PM on election day. Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator:Pierce County Auditor's Office Originator:WA State Redistricting Office Publication_Date: Title: Voting Centers and Ballot Sites Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form:vector digital data Description: Abstract: This theme shows the ballot drop-off boxes and voting centers in Pierce County. ![]() ![]() Voting Centers and Ballot Sites Metadata: ![]() ![]() The library of Switch games available for the Lite is virtually the same as the Switch and Switch OLED, meaning that you can still experience the latest Zelda adventure and race your troubles away in Mario Kart 8 Deluxe. The Nintendo Switch Lite‘s best qualities are its portability and low price when compared to its Switch siblings. Local multiplayer is far harder to achieve without dockingįinally, we come to the cheapest option for anyone wanting to game on the go.Nature of console means certain games are no longer supported.With a middle-of-the-road price compared to its other variations and such intuitive controls thanks to the Joy-Con controllers, this is the best Switch for the majority of gamers. But no other Switch offers a better performance right now, so you’d have to opt for something like the Steam Deck instead if that’s a major issue.īut thanks to the massive gaming library and some highly anticipated upcoming titles, like Tears of the Kingdom, the Switch will remain a good option for years to come. It’s unfortunate that the GPU hasn’t been updated since launch, which means the console relies heavily on the cloud to play modern third-party games and shows the console is starting to show its age. But the original Switch is generally £50/$50 cheaper than its OLED counterpart, arguably making it the best value option – especially if you end up using it as a home console more than a portable device since the OLED screen won’t make a difference in this use case. The original Switch doesn’t have any standout features over the new Switch OLED, with an identical game catalogue and a similar design, albeit slightly smaller and lighter. Its versatile design allows owners to use it as both a portable and a home console when connected to a TV via the bundled dock. The console that started it all, the first Nintendo Switch launched six years ago, but it’s still one of the best gaming consoles out there. However, anyone who’s looking for a crisper and more colourful experience while they game shouldn’t dismiss the Switch OLED outright, as it’s just as durable and entertaining as its younger brother, while also sharing the exact same game catalogue. The downside of this more expensive console is that it isn’t any more powerful than the original, meaning that the only benefit you’re getting when outputting to a TV is a new Ethernet port on the dock for wired internet connections. The new Switch OLED also has a sturdier stand for propping up on a table, improved speakers and a slightly larger screen, ensuring it offers the absolute best experience for portable gaming. Our review of Metroid Dread notes how amazing this game looks with the OLED panel, with colours looking brighter and bolder and Samus’ suit seemingly popping out of the display. The screen’s colours on the latest Switch look more vivid and natural, enhancing the visual quality of every single game without any compromises to the performance. The Nintendo Switch OLED is the latest iteration of the console, with the main attraction being the new OLED panel. No substantial upgrades for docked mode.Best for kids: Nintendo Switch Lite – check price.Best value: Nintendo Switch – check price. ![]() Best screen: Nintendo Switch OLED – check price.Best Nintendo Switch Console At A Glance: We have other best lists that may be of interest, like our best Game Console page, as well as our best Gaming Laptop list, for any PC gamers out there. Here is our definitive ranking for the best Nintendo Switch consoles, all have been reviewed by one of our product experts. Once your console is sorted, you can check out our list of the best Nintendo Switch games and keep an eye out for reviews of upcoming titles, like Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom when it’s released. Currently, the fabled Switch Pro / Switch 2 console could be a possibility, but far from a given at this stage. This list may get longer in the future, as we will be sure to review any later Nintendo Switch models that arrive. We’ve dissected each option in far more detail below, making it easy to pick the one best for your needs. We’ve spent lots of time with each console and we’re going to break down all the key differences and features of each option.Īlongside the vanilla model Nintendo originally launched in 2017, there is also the Switch Lite – a smaller, more portable option – and then there is the Switch OLED which comes with a nicer OLED screen. Nintendo offers three different portable devices all with different skills, so it can be hard to decide which is the best Switch for you. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Builds to over a 1 metre high comes in a Wooden crate. With useful slots for the feet of the connect 4 frame and exceedingly strong carry handles, the spacious bag is capable of successfully transporting this strategic game anywhere. Easy Days Super Giant Garden Jenga - 54 Pinewood pieces - 25 x 6.3 x 4.3cm. This heavy-duty bag has been designed with complete functionality in mind. To ensure that these premium and large connect 4 pieces are correctly transported and stored, a high-quality carry bag is supplied.
![]() ![]() ![]() The version shown here is the latest one downloaded from the Zotac website, which is newer than the one from the provided installation disc. The Firestorm software has been given a new look with the release of the NVIDIA 900 series. Here are some pictures from ZOTAC that explain the additional features on their GTX 980 Omega in detail: With that, let’s now move on to the unboxing and look at the additional features ZOTAC have for their GTX 980 4GB AMP! Omega.īrief additional features of ZOTAC GTX 980 4GB AMP! Omega For readers interested on the full technical information, you may refer to this link for the full whitepaper for the GTX 980: GTX 980 Whitepaper. The technical details about the Maxwell architecture and the 900 series is actually quite the large pile, hence it’s summarised here briefly. My favourite feature so far is DSR: being able to increase quality even on the same screen resolution is good news for gamers who aim for quality. Quite a few nifty features over Kepler it seems. ![]() More details behind the tech underneath the GTX 980 written by HWZ:. End Result: 4K-quality graphics on HD monitor! Shrinks result back down to resolution of monitor Renders game at higher and more detailed resolution Good news for next-generation games and game engines Incredibly realistic lighting, shading and reflections Also available on Kepler and Fermi GPUs as of NVIDIA 344.48 WHQL Graphics Driver Improvement in edge quality with minimal performance cost Similar edge quality, but approximately 30% faster frame rates than MSAA (i) Multi-Frame Sampled Anti-Aliasing (MFAA) The AMP! series of graphics cards has been around for quite some time, all sporting the unique yellow-orange colours in their designs this is however the first time they are expanding out their AMP! series to something more.īefore we carry on though, let’s have a quick look at the main features of the GTX 900 series (also available on NVIDIA website): The AMP! Omega sits right in the middle, while the regular AMP! is placed below the Omega and the AMP! Extreme snugly sitting right at the top. For the 9 series, ZOTAC has gone on an all-out offensive and released three variants of the GTX 980: Amp! Edition, AMP! Omega Edition and AMP! Extreme Edition. Today, we have with us a custom designed GTX 980 graphics card: the ZOTAC GTX 980 4GB AMP! Omega Edition with unique IceStorm dual fan cooling system, customized Power+ circuitry and OC Plus real-time performance intelligence that takes your graphics experience to the next level. Powered by new NVIDIA® Maxwell™ architecture, The GeForce® GTX™ 980 is a high-performance graphics card designed for serious gaming, for incredible gaming experiences. With this, the GTX 980 is now the new single GPU flagship card. After a wait of approximately 7 months, the high-end graphics category now finally gets the Maxwell treatment as well with the launch of the GTX 970 and GTX 980, utilising the second generation Maxwell GM204 GPU. These entry to mid-range level pair used the first generation Maxwell GM107 GPU and had many noticeable improvements over Kepler, in particular higher performance and yet decently reduced power consumption at the same time. A sneak preview of what the next generation Maxwell architecture would be was shown in the form of two new graphics cards at the start of 2014: GTX 750 and GTX 750ti. It has been quite the wait since NVIDIA introduced their Kepler architecture in 2012. Many thanks to NVIDIA and ZOTAC for the opportunity to test this graphics card! ![]() ![]() Android users can use fake email sender apps like Instant Email Address, and Temp Mail.ĭon’t Miss: How to Configure Canned Responses in Gmail Fake Instagram Post and Chat Screenshot FakeDetails Email Generator is a great online tool if you want to send emails with a fake email address and it supports all email providers. There are some apps that let you spoof an email address or create a temporary email ID to help save you from spam emails. Here are some more websites that can be used for email spoofing and sending fake emails. Not just that, you can also add a header, SMTP server, and get confirmation when the fake email is delivered and read. This website lets you send fake emails with custom dates, attachments, headers, Cc, Bcc, etc. Below is an example of a fake email I sent to myself via Emkei Mailer. If you want to spoof an email address, send fake emails, or create a screenshot of a fake email, there are some great online tools for that. It’s easy to prank your friends or anybody else with fake emails. Moreover, you can try the following online WhatsApp chat generators on your mobile and desktop browser. Once you are done you can share it with your friends.Īndroid users can use WhatsMock (Fake Chat Maker), Fake Chat Conversations, and WhatsFake. To create fake conversations just upload the picture and start chatting. These apps let you send fake WhatsApp messages, create fake WhatsApp status, and chat. If you are looking for a fake WhatsApp chat generator, there are several Android apps and online chat generators that help you create fake screenshots. WhatsApp is one of the most popular messenger apps. ![]() If you are a Windows user, you must check out these best Messenger clients for your Windows 10 computer. FakeDetail Fake Facebook Chat Generator.Here are some more online fake Messenger chat generators that you can try. If you got an Android device, you can try apps like Fake Chat Conversation, and Messenger Chat. You can use an online Messenger chat generator to create fake but funny conversations easily and download it as a JPG image. I created the fake messenger chat screenshot using the Zeoob online Facebook Messenger chat generator. As you can see in the fake chat screenshot below, everything looks pretty close to a real Messenger conversation. You can make fake screenshots of an imaginary conversation on Facebook Messenger. When you are done with creating your fake Facebook post, also check out how you can use bold, italic, and fancy text in your Facebook posts. Besides, there are some other online fake Facebook wall post generators that deserve a shot. You can use this online service as a fake Facebook relationship status generator as well. We are really happy to know your feedback and suggestion that helps us to improve app.I created the above screenshot using Zeoob Facebook post generator. Thank you for trying our app, please email us at for your suggestion, feedback and questions or complaints if any. Overlay: From android 10 onward app need overlay permission to start activity from background service, and hence Schedule prank call option need this permission. Read Contacts: To set caller from existing saved contacts. Record Audio: Recording caller voice for prank. Storage: To choose caller photos from gallery. The fake call won't charge you any fee, it is totally FREE. Note: fake call app does not have a real incoming call feature - it just a incoming call screen simulator. Set a ringtone or use the default ringtone.Ĭhoose from multiple incoming call screen themes or create your own call screen, enter name, phone number and image from your photo gallery.Ĭhoose a predefined profiles such as police, doctor, girlfriend, boyfriend etc. You can also schedule incoming calls, please note that this are not real call, its just a incoming call screen simulator.Ĭhoose predefined callers from the list. ![]() Then tap on call now option and you will receive dummy incoming call from caller you have configured. Get out of the annoying situations or prank friends by give yourself a fake call.Ĭaller option allows you to choose different predefined caller screens with phone numbers and caller names. ![]() Prank your friends by Fake call, its an incoming call prank app.įake call app simulates a fake call incoming call screen to safely get out of the situations such as annoying conversations, boring meetings etc.įake call app makes dummy call to your phone without actually being called with call screen you choose with phone number and caller name you set. ![]() ![]() ![]() I did find TAKES FOR GRANTED a bit dull, though, especially since its clue was so straightforward no playfulness at all. Today's is beautifully clean, every cross and surrounding entry immaculate. Ten years ago, most of them had to be held together with paper-clips-and-bubble-gum short fill. TAKES FOR GRANTED is apt today, solvers likely to take for granted how far triple-stacks have come over the years. I've learned a lot from our collaborations, and I look forward to many more! And Brooke herself is a prime example - she's come up with all sorts of gridding and cluing innovations that I'd never considered in my many years of constructing. I'm gratified by Brooke's comments, but I also want to add that most of what I do these days is inspired and influenced by people who have just started to construct in the last few years and who are already revolutionizing the world of crosswords. I'm grateful to Brooke for kicking things off with a pristine center stack, and we're both grateful to the editing team, who are responsible for many of the best clues. WILL: I'm very excited for our official newspaper debut, though, as Brooke mentioned, we've posted plenty of indie collabs already. He is so supremely kindhearted and open-minded, and the combination of these things made collaborating when I was just starting out feel like a really safe and welcome space to try new things - I can't thank him enough for this. On a personal note, though, Will might be the constructor who has influenced my individual construction journey the most and I truly can't describe in words what I owe to him in that regard. I could go on and on about Will's contributions to the construction community as a whole through his mentorship of new constructors the " indie roundups" he posts and his innovation in the small puzzle space at Vox, with asymmetry, and absolutely mind-boggling thematic feats of construction … somehow while still managing to be a speed-solving icon. BROOKE Will and I started working together more than a year and a half ago and have posted a bunch of indie collabs on his blog - it's both surreal and sentimental that this is our first newspaper puzzle together! We tried really hard to make all the surrounding fill fun (I think it's super cool that the center stack has no 3-letter words intersecting it) and I don't think that can be epitomized more than through Will's inclusion of WERERABBIT. ![]() ![]() Perhaps Jesus would have prevented Lazarus from dying if He had come earlier, but this was not the way for God to receive glory though. ![]() When Jesus finally arrives at Martha and Mary’s, “he found that Lazarus had already been in the tomb four days”(John 11:17), but Martha gives Jesus a slight rebuke for arriving late, saying, “Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died” (John 11:21). It is for the glory of God, so that the Son of God may be glorified through it” (John 11:4). Why was Jesus glad He wasn’t there? He could have kept Lazarus from dying, but He waits and says the reason was “so that you may believe,”and believe they will! That explains why He waits and why He said earlier that “This illness does not lead to death. That’s why Jesus says something interesting, saying, “Lazarus has died, and for your sake I am glad that I was not there, so that you may believe. Most people might have expected Jesus to rush to Lazarus side before He died, but He didn’t, but don’t most of us expect Jesus to come to our rescue quickly, but we forget, Jesus is interested in glorifying God (John 11:4). The Raising of Lazarus, 1517 1519, Sebastiano del Piombo Lazarus DiesĪfter Jesus learned that Lazarus was gravely ill, He stayed right where He was for two more days. Without God, we’d have died in our sins, having no hope of heaven. It was by the grace of God alone, through His Spirit, that we were raised to new life in Christ. The Apostle Paul wrote that “you were dead in the trespasses and sins” (Eph 2:1), however, “God, being rich in mercy, because of the great love with which he loved us, even when we were dead in our trespasses, made us alive together with Christ-by grace you have been saved - and raised us up with him and seated us with him in the heavenly places in Christ Jesus”(Eph 2:4-6). The name Lazarus comes from the Greek word “Lazaros” and means “whom God helps,” and God did help Lazarus, and no one was in greater need of help than Lazarus, who was four days dead! Yes, God would help Lazarus by Jesus Christ, as He has resurrection power in His words, and He is God, so Lazarus was a person “whom God (Jesus) helps.” Really, we’re all like the dead man Lazarus…worse than for days dead. In John 11, Jesus raises Lazarus from the dead and teaches us about patience and the resurrection of the dead on the last great day. ![]() ![]() ![]() The modern trend is to use several colors to produce streaks or gradations, but not all work on top of a single base color. Hair color was traditionally applied to the hair as one overall color. Shelf with a great number of different hair colours, each having a colour code printed on the packaging, at a hairdresser in Germany Hair dyeing is now a multibillion-dollar industry that involves the use of both plant-derived and synthetic dyes. In 1947 the German cosmetics firm Schwarzkopf launched the first home color product, "Poly Color". Eugène Schueller, the founder of L'Oréal, is recognized for creating the first synthetic hair dye in 1907. The development of synthetic dyes for hair is traced to the 1860s discovery of the reactivity of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) with air. In the 1661 book Eighteen Books of the Secrets of Art & Nature, various methods of coloring hair black, gold, green, red, yellow, and white are explained. Others include katam ( buxus dioica), black walnut hulls, red ochre and leeks. Some of the most well known are henna ( Lawsonia inermis), indigo dye, Cassia obovata, senna, turmeric and amla. In ancient times, the dyes were obtained from plants. The dyeing of hair is an ancient art that involves treatment of the hair with various chemical compounds. Lafayette in 1830, aged 73, with pitch-black hair (painting by Louise-Adéone Drölling). Some of them are clean-shaven, but others-especially those of high rank-shave their cheeks but leave a moustache that covers the whole mouth.". They look like wood-demons, their hair thick and shaggy like a horse's mane. Their hair is blond, but not naturally so: they bleach it, to this day, artificially, washing it in lime and combing it back from their foreheads. They are very tall in stature, with rippling muscles under clear white skin. History ĭiodorus Siculus, a Greek historian, described in detail how Celtic people dyed their hair blonde: At-home coloring in the United States reached $1.9 billion in 2011 and was expected to rise to $2.2 billion by 2016. Hair coloring is very popular, with 50-80% of women in the United States, Europe, and Japan having reported using hair dye. Hair coloring can be done professionally by a hairdresser or independently at home. The main reasons for this are cosmetic: to cover the gray or white hair, to alter hair to create a specific look, to change a colour to suit preference or to restore the original hair color after it has been discolored by hairdressing processes or sun bleaching. Hair coloring, or hair dyeing, is the practice of changing the hair color. ![]() |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |